Purpose
Ankle pain may result from a variety of diseases.An underestimated cause of chronic lateral ankle pain is thepresence of a hypertrophic tuberculumperoneum(TP).[1]As the differential diagnosis with more frequent causes of anklepainsolelybasedon clinical findingsis often impossible,imaging isvery useful for evaluation of the sizeofa TP and its effecton the surrounding structures.
The aim of thisexhibitistoreview the clinical and imaging features of symptomatic hypertrophic (TP)ina cohort ofsymptomatic patients.
Introduction
TheTPis located on the lateral surface of the calcaneus,
anteriorlytotheeminentiaretrotrochlearis( Fig. 1 ).Anatomically,the TP has anobliquecourse frompostero-superior toantero-inferior.The peroneus...
Methods and Materials
Patients
Our study is amonocentric,
retrospectivecohortstudyof 23 patients.Inclusion criteria includedreferralfor imaging(either US,
CT or MRI;Table 1)for chronic lateral ankle pain below the lateral malleolus and a width of the tuberculumperoneum≥ 3 mm .
Patients with underlying fracture were excluded.
Imaging protocols
Conventional radiography was performed on the AXIOMLuminosdRF(Siemens,
Erlangen,
Germany).
AP,
lateral and Mortise view are the three standard images performed of the ankle.
Additional axial image to visualize the hypertrophic tuberculum was also performed.USimagesusingPhilips Health Systems EPIQ5G (Bothell,
WA 98021,
USA).
CBCTimaging was performed...
Results
Twenty three patients were included in our study,10men and13women.Eleven patients presented with right-sided chronic ankle pain while the left ankle was affected in 12 cases.
Ninepatients had a history of previous ankle distortion,
ranging between several months to yearspreceding clinicalpresentation.
In 4 patients the request form for imaging mentioned overuse.
One patient hadplanovalgusfoot deformity.
The mean width oftheTPin these symptomatic patients was5.6 mm(range3.6 - 8.6mm).Isolated tenosynovitisof theperoneus longus( Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 )wasseenin9cases(grade 1 n=6 and grade 2 n=3).Isolated tenosynovitis of the peroneus brevis(...
Conclusion
Hypertrophic tuberculumperoneumis an underestimated cause of chronic ankle pain following previous anklesprainand should be considered in the differential diagnosis of other causes of lateral ankle pain.
An advantage of US in comparison to the other modalities is the dynamic aspect of the examination along with the ability to correlate with the location of the pain of the patient.
The meanwidthof theTPin our series (5.6 mm) of symptomatic cases is larger thanin the literature (3.13mm).Auniform definition of hypertrophic TP is lacking but awidth of ≥ 5...
References
Choudhary S,
McNally E.
Review ofcommonand unusual causes of lateral ankle pain.
SkeletalRadiol.
2011;40:1399-1413
PalmanovichtE,
Laver L,BrinYS,KotzE,HetsroniI,
Mann G,NyskaM.
Peroneus longus tear and its relation to the peroneal tubercle: a review of the literature.
Muscles Ligaments Tendons J.
2001; 1 (4): 153-60
HyerCF,
Dawson JM,PhilbinTM,
Berlet GC,
Lee TH.
The peroneal tubercle: description,
classification,
and relevance to peroneus longus tendon pathology.
Foot Ankle Int.
2005; 26 (11): 947-50
Sugimoto K,
Takakura Y,OkahashiK,
Tanaka Y,
Ohshima M,KasanamiR.
Enlarged peroneal tubercle with peroneus longus tenosynovitis.
JOrthopSci.
2009;14:330-35...