Patient characteristics in baseline are listed in Table 1.
Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of the subjects (n = 87)
|
Characteristics
|
Values (%)
|
|
Age,
yrs
|
54.8 ± 7.9
|
|
Male/Female
|
69/18
|
|
Agatston calcium score,
n (%)
|
|
Zero
|
31 (35.6)
|
|
1-10
|
17 (19.5)
|
|
10-100
|
25 (28.7)
|
|
100-400
|
14 (16.1)
|
|
Symptom,
n (%)
|
|
Atypical chest pain
|
17 (19.5)
|
|
Non-anginal pain
|
14 (16.1)
|
|
Asymptomatic
|
56 (64.4)
|
|
Pretest probability,
n (%)
|
|
Intermediates
|
30 (34.5)
|
|
Low
|
55 (63.2)
|
|
Very low
|
2 (2.3)
|
The mean interval between baseline and follow-up CT was 25.5 ± 15.7 months.
There was no significant change of EFVi between the time of baseline CT and the time of follow-up CT (65.7 ± 21.8 cm3/m3 vs.
66.0 ± 22.1 cm3/m3,
p=0.620) (Table 2).
Table 2.
Serial change of clinical variability and CT measurements
| |
Baseline
|
Follow-up
|
P-value
|
|
Age (year)
|
54.8 ± 7.9
|
56.5 ± 7.9
|
< 0.001†
|
|
Systolic BP (mmHg)
|
125.6 ± 13.0
|
126.6 ± 16.1
|
0.559
|
|
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
|
80.0 ± 10.0
|
80.1 ± 9.2
|
0.866
|
|
Smoking
|
35
|
34
|
0.870
|
|
DM
|
27
|
27
|
1.000
|
|
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
|
179.0 ± 35.4
|
181.4 ± 31.6
|
0.504
|
|
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
|
46.6 ± 9.0
|
45.4 ± 9.0
|
0.253
|
|
10-year CHD risk score (%)
|
10.4 ± 5.7
|
11.5 ± 6.1
|
0.057
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
25.1 ± 3.3
|
25.2 ± 3.3
|
0.364
|
|
Agatston calcium score
|
42.6 ± 79.4
|
74.1 ± 117.5
|
< 0.001†
|
|
Calcium volume score(mm3)
|
41.8 ± 69.8
|
68.7 ± 100.5
|
< 0.001†
|
|
EFV (cm3)
|
116.0 ± 37.5
|
116.7 ± 38.1
|
0.604
|
|
EFVi (cm3/m2)
|
65.7 ± 21.8
|
66.0 ± 22.1
|
0.620
|
The Agatston calcium score (42.6 ± 79.4 vs.
74.1 ± 117.5,
p<0.001) and calcium volume score (41.8 ± 69.8 mm3 vs.
68.7 ± 100.5 mm3,
p<0.001) were significantly increased on follow-up CT.
The cut-off value of rapid plaque progression which was defined as highest tertile,
was 12.4 for ACS and 12.9 cm3 for volume score (Table 3).
Table 3.
Measurementvalues of according to tertile
|
Measurements
|
Lowest tertile
|
Mid-tertile
|
Highest tertile
|
|
Baseline Agatston calcium score
|
0.0 ± 0.0
(0.0 – 0.0)
|
7.8 ± 7.2
(1.1 – 25.0)
|
120.0 ± 99.8
(28.6 – 383.8)
|
|
Follow-up Agatston calcium score
|
1.0 ± 2.1
(0.0 – 6.1)
|
27.5 ± 20.0
(6.4 – 72.7)
|
193.8 ± 139.2
(76.7 – 685.0)
|
|
Agatston calcium score change
|
0.0 ± 1.3
(-6.0 – 1.9)
|
7.2 ± 3.8
(2.0 – 12.1)
|
37.9 ± 24.6
(12.4 – 116.6)
|
|
Baseline calcified plaque volume (mm3)
|
0.0 ± 0.0
(0.0 – 0.0)
|
12.0 ± 9.7
(0.0 – 32.5)
|
113.5 ± 82.6
(37.3 – 342.3)
|
|
Follow-up calcified plaque volume (mm3)
|
1.7 ± 3.3
(0.0 – 9.2)
|
29.5 ± 18.2
(9.7 – 67.5)
|
175.0 ± 112.8
(67.8 – 543.0)
|
|
Calcified plaque volume change (mm3)
|
-1.3 ± 4.6
(-18.7 – 1.7)
|
7.1 ± 3.4
(2.0 – 12.6)
|
39.5 ± 35.3
(12.9 – 167.5)
|
|
Baseline EFVi (cm3)
|
44.4 ± 5.7
(34.2 – 53.1)
|
62.0 ± 6.9
(53.4 – 72.5)
|
90.6 ± 15.9
(73.1 – 134.5)
|
|
Follow-up EFVi (cm3)
|
45.2 ± 6.1
(43.3 – 54.1)
|
61.9 ± 5.0
(54.5 – 70.5)
|
90.9 ± 17.1
(70.8 – 135.1)
|
|
EFVi volume change (cm3)
|
-4.1 ± 3.1
(-14.9 – -1.0)
|
0.2 ± 0.7
(-0.8 – 1.4)
|
5.4 ± 3.7
(1.5 – 14.2)
|
There were positive association in both the baseline and follow-up EFVi with age (p<0.001 and p<0.001,
respectively) and body mass index (p=0.010 and p=0.030,
respectively) (figure 4).
However,
neither baseline nor follow-up EFVi showed association with Agatston calcium score and calcium volume score (p=0.704 and p=0.894,
respectively) (figure 5).
Baseline EFVi did not predict rapid progression of the ACS (OR=1.010,
p=0.339) (Table 4) and calcium volume score (OR=1.014,
p=0.183) (Table 5).
Among cardiovascular risk factor,
only baseline DM was predictive for rapid progression of the calcium volume score (OR=3.231,
p=0.015) (Table 5).
Table 4.
Logistic regression analysis for prediction of rapid progression of Agatston calcium score
|
Baseline characteristics
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
P-value
|
|
Age
|
1.046
|
0.988 – 1.108
|
0.120
|
|
Hypertension
|
0.842
|
0.229 – 3.097
|
0.796
|
|
Smoking
|
1.708
|
0.644 – 4.533
|
0.283
|
|
DM
|
2.024
|
0.787 – 5.202
|
0.145
|
|
Hypercholesterolemia
|
0.969
|
0.231 – 4.060
|
0.966
|
|
Low HDL
|
0.459
|
0.137 – 1.535
|
0.186
|
|
10-year CHD risk score
|
1.047
|
0.968 – 1.132
|
0.250
|
|
Obesity
|
0.611
|
0.246 – 1.518
|
0.285
|
|
Baseline EFV
|
1.006
|
0.994 – 1.018
|
0.360
|
|
Baseline EFVi
|
1.010
|
0.990 – 1.031
|
0.339
|
Table 5.
Logistic regression analysis for prediction of rapid progression of calcium volume score
|
Baseline characteristics
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
P-value
|
|
Age
|
1.046
|
0.988 – 1.108
|
0.120
|
|
Hypertension
|
1.094
|
0.315 – 3.800
|
0.888
|
|
Smoking
|
2.036
|
0.821 – 5.045
|
0.125
|
|
DM
|
3.231
|
1.244 – 8.393
|
0.015†
|
|
Hypercholesterolemia
|
0.503
|
0.164 – 1.536
|
0.212
|
|
Low HDL
|
0.655
|
0.210 – 2.039
|
0.456
|
|
10-year CHD risk score
|
1.055
|
0.975 – 1.142
|
0.177
|
|
Obesity
|
0.933
|
0.381 – 2.284
|
0.879
|
|
Baseline EFV
|
1.009
|
0.997 – 1.021
|
0.145
|
|
Baseline EFVi
|
1.014
|
0.993 – 1.035
|
0.183
|
Changes in the calcium score were not accompanied by changes in EFVi (p=0.172).
