To explain the indications and objectives of contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography. To make an exhaustive description of the technique. To review the advantages and disadvantages, as well as the most common complications and pitfalls of this technique.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the retrograde passage of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract (ureters, pelvicalyceal system and even intrarenal). Its prevalence is 1.4% of the healthy child population and 20-50% in patients with urinary tract infection, being more frequent in children under 1 year [1]. The clinical impact of reflux is variable, but it can condition multiple urinary tract infections with the development of renal scarring, high blood pressure, and kidney failure. The reflux can be classified according to the cause,...

1. Indications and objectives in pediatric population a. Indications[2] Urine infections in patients with urinary tract anomalies, recurrent infections or any infection not caused by E.coli. Prenatal findings (ureterohydronephrosis or urinary tract anomalies). Follow-up of VUS. Suspicion of urethral anomalies. b. Objectives[1] The main objectives are: Detection of VUS. Gradation of VUS. Detection of urinary tract anomalies. Evaluation of the urethra. 2. Before the examination Before the examination, it has to be explained to the patient's parents what the procedure consists of and its possible...

Because of the safety of the contrast and that this procedure does not use ionizing radiation, ceVUS is the technique of choice in the diagnosis and grading of the vesicoureteral reflux in pediatric population, including the study of the urethral pathology. Material preparation and training of the staff is crucial for the optimization of the technique and also for the prevention of complications.

M. Tomas Chenoll; Castellón de la Plana/ES - nothing to disclose M. A. Edo Prades; Castellón de la Plana/ES - nothing to disclose V. Troconis Vaamonde; Castellón de la Plana/ES - nothing to disclose M. Carlavilla Perez; Castellón de la Plana/ES - nothing to disclose R. Diaz-Usetxi La Plaza; Castellón de la Plana/ES - nothing to disclose E. Casanovas Feliu; Castellón de la Plana/ES - nothing to disclose C. C. Rocafuerte Avila; Castellón de la Plana/ES - nothing to disclose R. Revert Espí; Castellón de...

Cura Rodríguez J, Pedraza Gutiérrez S, Gayete Cara A. Radiología esencial. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana; 2010. Duran C, Beltrán V, González A, Gómez C, Riego J. Contrast-enhanced Voiding Urosonography for Vesicoureteral Reflux Diagnosis in Children. RadioGraphics. 2017;37(6):1854-1869. Duran C, del Riego J, Riera L, Martin C, Serrano C, Palaña P. Voiding urosonography including urethrosonography: high-quality examinations with an optimised procedure using a second-generation US contrast agent. Pediatric Radiology. 2012;42(6):660-667. Darge K. Voiding urosonography with ultrasound contrast agents for the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux in children....