Learning objectives
Illustration of various organ wise fetal congenital malformation.
How fetal MRI is a problem solving to fetal sonography?
Approach to fetal MRI in congenital malformation.
Background
-Congenital malformations include all the gross anomalies of a developing fetus due to genetic or acquired etiologies.
-Usually, all mothers are screened for Targeted Imaging for Fetal Anomalies (TIFFA) during the second trimester. Sonography is the primary and the investigation for the detection of fetal anomalies.-With the advancement of better resolution Sonography (US)software, 3D and 4D sonography has made US the first tool for fetal screening.-MRI, with the advancement of quick fast turbo spin sequences (SSTSE), has added value to sonography in detecting and risk...
Findings and procedure details
ORGAN SYSTEM WISE ANOMALIES:
1.Thorax:
In the thorax, bilateral lung anomalies which are detected on sonography as cystic changes or echogenic lung (unilateral or bilateral) or effusions or associated everted diaphragm/ tracheal anomalies
1.a. Echogenic lungs:
a.i. Unilateral:
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation-(CCAM): large-sized (> 10mm)-type-a, intermediate size (2-10mm) and Small-sized (<2mm)cystic transformation making it cystic or solid echogenic appearance on sonography which is usually lobar or segmental.[Fig 1][Fig 2]
Sequestrum (Intra lobar/ extra lobar): commonly in the lower echogenic lung lobes/segments with a systemic vascular...
Conclusion
Fetal sonography is best available as well as real-time the noninvasive and non-radiation diagnostic evaluation of fetus during gestation.
Familiarizing with the various anomalies helps us for the early detection of congenital anomalies.
MRI has additive information to sonography with advanced tools helping prognostication and prepare for perinatal EXIT procedure.
Personal information and conflict of interest
T. S. KUMAR:
Nothing to disclose
J. Sen:
Nothing to disclose
R. K. Yadav:
Nothing to disclose
References
Huch RAK, Huisman TAGM, Wisser J, Aalame NG, Debatin JF, Seifert B,et al.Ultrafast MR Imaging.AJR 2000;174:1599-1606.
Anderson N, Boswell O, Duff G. Prenatal sonography for the detection of fetal anomalies: result of a prospective study and comparison with prior series. AJR 1995;165:943-50.
Sohn Y S, Kim M J, KwaonJ Y, Kim Y H, and Park Y W.The usefulness of fetal MRI for prenatal diagnosis.Yonsei Med J.2007;48(4):671-677.