Describe the spectrum of visual changes seen in the normal ageing of the lumbar spine and its associated structures (intervertebral discs, spinal ligaments, spinal canal, intervertebral foramina, zygapophyseal joints). Illustrate these changes using radiographic imaging examples. Compare and contrast the radiological findings seen in the normal ageing of the lumbar spine with those seen in a pathological lumbar spine.

Throughout an individual’s lifespan, the lumbar spine, being the main weight-bearing section of the spine, is constantly exposed to recurring loads. Over time, the spine inevitably undergoes normal, age-related degeneration, a phenomenon known as spondylosis, and begins to show morphological changes that allow it to accommodate for the heavy mechanical stresses put on the spine. These changes can often be seen on radiographic imaging and are considered as variants of the ‘normal’ lumbar spine as a consequence of ageing. From a radiological standpoint, it is...

METHODS Data was collected from the Royal Brisbane Women’s Hospital database using PitMiner to search for computed tomography (CT) images of lumbar spines that show degenerative changes. 10 images were compiled and analyzed from 7 patients. Degenerative changes seen in the compiled images were highlighted. One patient was found to have multiple CT scans that are over 10 years apart, allowing for visualization of the progression of spondylosis. Using PitMiner again, CT images of lumbar spines that show a select few examples of pathological changes...

Degeneration of the lumbar spine is inevitable and is viewed as a normal physiological process that occurs with age. These changes can begin as early as in the second decade of life. An appreciation of these changes can help differentiate typical variants of morphology from pathology. Knowledge learned from this educational exhibit is particularly useful when performing procedures involving the lumbar spine as it improves technique and outcomes.

Maxter Thai is a second-year medical student at the University of Queensland who has an interest in the field of radiology. Prior to his medical endeavors, he graduated with a Bachelors of Science degree from the University of Illinois at Chicago, majoring in Biology.

1. Prescher A. Anatomy and pathology of the aging spine. European Journal of Radiology 1998 Jul;27(3):181-195. 2. Ombregt L. A system of orthopaedic medicine. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2013. Chapter 32, The ageing spine; 437-446. 3. Wilmink J. The normal aging spine and degenerative spinal disease. Neuroradiology 2011 Sep;53(S1):181-183. 4. Benoist M. Natural history of the aging spine. European Spine Journal 2003 Oct;12(S2): S86-S89. 5. Zukowski LA, Falsetti AB, Tillman MD. The influence of sex, age and BMI on the degeneration of the...