1.
Ultrasonography
As a result of the studies,
the following ultrasound picture of the phantom was visualized: three layers separated by two interlayers.
The upper layer (gel pillow) had increased echogenicity, quite heterogeneous ehostructure with small inclusions.
The first interlayer,
between the gel pillow and the top layer of the model, was visualized as a hyperechoic linear structure with a slight reverberation.
The second layer (the top layer of the phantom,
located at a depth of 0-20 mm) was visualized as an anechoic homogeneous layer with single inclusions (artifacts).
The second interlayer (between two layers of the phantom) was visualized as a hyperechoic linear structure.
The third layer (the lower layer of the phantom,
located at a depth of 20-50 mm) was visualized as an anechoic layer (Fig.
8).
All foreign bodies,
located at a depth of 5 mm,
were clearly visualized.
Foreign bodies located at a depth of 20 mm were not convincingly visualized because of the technical aspects (increased material density and physical properties of the interlayer).
1.1.
Non-organic foreign bodies
The glass fragment was visualized as a hypoechoic structure with hyperechoic even,
sometimes unclear contours,
reverberation artifact and acoustic enhancement (Fig.
9).
The glass splinter into the soft tissues of the patient had similar echo-signs (Fig.
10).
The plastic fragment was visualized as a linear hypoechoic structure with clear even hyperechoic contours both into the phantom and into the soft tissues (Fig.
11,
12).
The drainage tube was visualized as a curved linear hypoechoic structure with even,
slightly unclear contours with increased echogenicity both into the phantom and into the soft tissues (Fig.
13,
14).
The dental screw was visualized as a structure with intermittent layers of increased and decreased echogenicity,
with clear uneven contours and multiple artifacts (Fig.
15).
The dental screw into the soft tissues had the same echo-signs (Fig.16).
The filling material was visualized as a structure of increased echogenicity with indistinct,
uneven contours with reverberation artifact (Fig.
17).
1.2.
Organic foreign bodies
The sunflower seed was visualized as a curved structure with increased echogenicity,
with even,
rather clear contours.
It was also seemed possible to trace the shape of the husk into the phantom and soft tissues (Fig.
18,
19).
The spike of the rose was visualized as a structure with the form of an elongated triangle,
increased echogenicity,
with clear and even contours (Fig.
20).
The spike into the soft tissues had a quite similar echo-signs (Fig.
21).
The toothpick (a wooden structure) was visualized as a linear hyperechoic structure with clear and even contours into the phantom (Fig.
22).
The grass was visualized as a curved structure with somewhat increased echogenicity with even,
sometimes uneven contours (Fig.
23).
Helminth was visualized as an anechoic tubular linear cavity with contours of increased echogenicity and with heterogeneous hyperechoic content along the lower margin - detritus (Fig.
24).
It was an alive helminth into the soft tissues.
Its echo-stcucture was more heterogenius and it was moving under the influense of ultrasound waves (Fig.
25).
Ultrasound examination made possible to visualize all foreign bodies that were located in the phantoms at a depth of 5 mm.
Visualization of foreign bodies located at a depth of 20 mm was hampered because of the technical aspects (increased material density and physical properties of the interlayer).
Also,
ultrasound examination allowed to evaluate the echo-semiotics of all foreign bodies,
with an exact characteristic of echo characteristics,
including artifacts,
which have their own characteristics depending on the foreign body composition.
2.
CT
2.1.
Non-organic foreign bodies
Glass fragments,
metal screws and filling material were visualized at CT of a phantom with non-organic foreign bodies (Fig.
26,
27,
28).
3D reconstruction was presented for clarity (Fig.
29).
2.2.
Organic foreign bodies
No objects of organic origin were visualized (Fig.
30).
In computer tomography,
it was possible to visualize foreign bodies of high density (metal screw,
filling material and glass).
The remaining foreign bodies were not visualized due to low density differentiation between foreign bodies and silicone-containing substance.