CAUSES OF CHONDROCALCINOSIS
HOGWASH
Hyperparathyroidism,Haemophilia
Ochronosis
Gout
Wilson disease
Arthritis (general), Acromegaly
Spseudogout
Haemochromatosis
BENIGN LYTIC BONE LESIONS THAT RARELY OCCUR IN PATIENTS AFTER 30 YEARS OLD
SCAN Everthing
Simple bone cyst
Chondroblastoma
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Non-ossifying fibroma
Eosinophilic granuloma
CORTICAL BONE LESIONS
MOFOS
Metastasis
Osteomyelitis
Fibrossarcoma
Osteoid osteoma
Stress fracture
DIFFUSE BONE SCLEROSIS
3M PROOF
Malignancy (osteolytic metastasis)
Myelofibrosis,Mastocytosis
Paget’s disease
Renal osteodystrophy
Osteopetrosis
Other (hyperparathyroidism,
sports,
hyperthyroidism)
Fluorosis
Regular Sex Makes Occasional Perversions Much More Fun,
Happening and Lovely
Renal osteodystrophy
Sickle cell anemia
Metastasis (osteoblastic)
Osteopetrosis
Paget’s disease
Myelofibrosis
Mastocytosis
Fluorosis
Hyperparathyroidism,Hypervitaminosis D
Lymphoma (ivory vertebra)
The later mnemonic is another useful mnemonic popularized by Dr.
Helms.
Unlike most mnemonics,
this one arranged in order of frequency with which they cause generalized bone sclerosis.
SCLEROTIC BONE METASTASIS
5 “B”ees Like Pollen
Brain (medulloblastoma,
meningosarcoma)
Bronchus
Bowel (carcinoid)
Bladder
Breast
Lymphoma (ivory vertebra)
Prostate
Most metastasis are lytic or mixed in nature.
In spite this,
occasionally some malignancies can originate metastasis with osteoclastic activity,
even though most of the times they are lytic in nature,
for instance,
lymphoma,
which is commonly lytic but can cause an ivory vertebra.
Breast cancer is the most common cause of sclerotic metastasis in female.
Prostate cancer produce mostly sclerotic metastasis and is the most common cause of sclerotic metastasis in men.
LUCENT BONE LESIONS
FOG MACHINES
FEGNOMASHIC
Fibrous dysplasia
Osteoblastoma
Giant cell tumor
Metastasis,Myeloma
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Chondroblastoma
Hyperparathyroidism
Infection (osteomyelitis)
Non-ossifying fibroma
Enchondroma, Eosinophilic granuloma
Simple bone cyst
One of the most important mnemonic to recall,
made famous by Dr.
Helms,
helping young residents to recall the long and extensive differential of lucent lesions,
a common finding in skeletal radiographs.
SOLITARY LUCENT DIAPHYSEAL LESIONS
FEMALE
Fibrous dysplasia
Ewing sarcoma
Multiple myeloma, Metastasis
Adamantinoma
Lymphoma
Eosinophilic granuloma
Although the differential diagnosis of lucent bone lesions is quite extensive,
as demonstrated with the previous FOG MACHINE mnemonic,
it can be narrowed whenever we are presented with a diaphyseal location.
LYTIC BONE LESION SURROUNDED BY SCLEROSIS
BOOST
Brodie abscess
Osteoblastoma
Osteoid Osteoma
Stress fracture
Tuberculosis
EXPANSIBLE LYTIC BONE LESIONS
Politicians Always Make Grave Blunders
Plasmacytoma
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Metastasis
Giant cell tumor
Brown tumor
MULTIPLE LYTIC LESIONS
Metastasis May Eventually Fracture Bones
Metastasis
Multiple Myeloma
Enchondromatosis (Ollier´s disease)
Fibrous dysplasia
Brown tumors
POSTERIOR VERTEBRAL BODY SCALLOPING
SALMON
Spinal cord tumor (astrocytoma,
schwannoma)
Acromegaly
Loeys-Dietz syndrome
Marfan’s syndrome
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Vertebral scalloping is a concavity to the posterior aspect of the vertebral body when viewed in a lateral film.
CAUSES OF VERTEBRA PLANA
FETISH
Frature (trauma, osteoporosis)
Eosinophilicgranuloma
Tumor (lymphoma/metastasis/multiple myeloma)
Infection (tuberculosis)
Steroids (avascular necrosis)
Hemangioma (polka dot sign)
Vertebra plana,
or pancake vertebra,
is attributed to a vertebra that lost most of its height,
representing an advanced stage of compression fracture.
The morphology of vertebra plana is rare without underlying pathology,
so a vertebra plana finding should raise suspicion for an underlying pathology.
ACRO-OSTEOLYTIS
RADSHIP
Rheumatoid arthritis, Raynaud’s phenomenon
Arteriosclerosis
Diabetes (ischemia)
Scleroderma
Hyperparathyroidism
Injury
Psoriatic arthritis
Acro–osteolysis is characterized by bone resorption in the distal fingers and toes,
predominantly involving the distal tufts.
CAUSES OF DISTAL CLAVICULE OSTEOLYSIS
SHIRT Pocket
Scleroderma
Hyperparathyroidism
Infection (osteomyelitis)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Trauma
Progeria
Aside from trauma,
all of these disease have other skeletal features apart from the distal clavicle erosion that can narrow down the differential diagnosis.
OSTEONECROSIS
ASEPTIC
Alcohol (chronic,
excessive)
Sickle cell anemia/Systemic lupus erythematosus
Exogenous steroid
Pancreatitis/Pregnancy
Trauma
Infection
Caisson disease (diving decompression illness)/ Collagen disease
STARS
Steroids
Trauma
Radiation osteonecrosis
Sickle cell anemia
SALTER-HARRIS FRATURE CLASSIFICATION
SALTR (modified form SALTER)
Slipped epiphysis (type I)
Above the epiphyseal plate (type II)
Lower than the epiphyseal plate (type III)
Through/Transverse both above and below the epiphyseal plate (type IV)
Ruined,
compression injury (type V)
It has another variation SMACK (Slipped, Metaphyseal, Articular-epiphyseal, Complete-metaphysis and epiphysis and Krushed).
MAIN SIGNS OF OSTEOARTHRITIS ON PLAIN FILM
LOSS
Loss of joint space
Osteophytes
Subchondral cysts
Subchondral sclerosis
CAUSES OF SACROILIITIS (SERONEGATVE)
PAIR
Psoriatic arthritis (asymmetric)
Ankylosing spondylitis (symmetric)
Inflammatory bowel disease (symmetric)
Reiter syndrome (asymmetric)
First and last letters (P and R) are asymmetrical causes,
with letters in the middle (A and I) of symmetrical causes.
ELBOW OSSIFICATION CENTERS
CRITOE
Capitellum (around age 1)
Radial head (around age 3)
Internal epicondyle (around age 5)
Trochlea (around age 7)
Olecranon (around age 9)
External epicondyle (around age 11)
In order of appearance at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 years,
each closes 2 years later than the previous. Although highly variable between individuals and between gender,
a general notion and order is provided by this mnemonic.
MEDIAL ANKLE COMPARTMENT
Tom, Dick And Very Nervous Harry
Tibialis Posterior
Digitorum longus (extensor)
Artery (Posterior Tibial)
Vein (Posterior Tibial)
Nerve (Tibial)
H (flexor hallucis longus)
CARPAL BONES ORDER
Sam Likes To Push The Toy Car Hard
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES
SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
TENDONS OF PES ANSERINUS
Say Grace before Tea
Sartorius
Gracilis
T (semitendinosus)