1. de Haën C, Cabrini M, Akhnana L, Ratti D, Calabi L, Gozzini L. Gadobenate dimeglumine 0.5 M solution for injection (MultiHance®): pharmaceutical formulation and physicochemical properties of a new magnetic resonance imaging contrast medium. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1999;23(suppl 1):S161-S168.
2. Pintaske J, Martirosian P, Graf H, et al. Relaxivity of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist), gadobutrol (Gadovist), and gadobenate dimeglumine (MultiHance) in human blood plasma at 0.2, 1.5, and 3 Tesla. Invest Radiol. 2006;41:213-221. Erratum in Invest Radiol. 2006;41:859.
3. Shellock FG, Parker JR, Venetianer C, Pirovano G, Spinazzi A. Safety of gadobenate dimeglumine (MultiHance): summary of findings from clinical studies and postmarketing surveillance. Invest Radiol. 2006;41:500-509.
4. Spinazzi A, Lorusso V, Pirovano G, Kirchin M. Safety, tolerance, biodistribution, and MR imaging enhancement of the liver with gadobenate dimeglumine: results of clinical pharmacologic and pilot imaging studies in nonpatient and patient volunteers. Acad Radiol. 1999;6:282-291.
5. Kirchin MA, Runge VM. Contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging: safety update. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;14:426-435.
6. Omniscan™ (gadodiamide) injection [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Amersham Health Inc.; revised 2007.
7. OptiMARK® 0.5 mmol/ml (gadoversetamide injection) [prescribing information]. St. Louis, Mo: Mallinckrodt Inc.; revised 2007.
8. MultiHance® (gadobenate dimeglumine) injection, 529 mg/mL full Prescribing Information. Bracco Diagnostics Inc.; Revised 2007.
9. Gibby WA, Gibby KA, Gibby WA. Comparison of Gd DTPA-BMA (Omniscan) versus Gd HP-DO3A (ProHance) retention in human bone tissue by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Invest Radiol. 2004;39:138-142.
10. White GW, Gibby WA, Tweedle MF. Comparison of Gd(DTPA-BMA) (Omniscan) versus Gd(HP-DO3A) (ProHance) relative to gadolinium retention in human bone tissue by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Invest Radiol. 2006; 41:272-8.
11. Tweedle MF, Hagan JJ, Kumar K, Mantha S, Chang CA. Reaction of gadolinium chelates with endogenously available ions. Magn Reson Imaging. 1991;9:409-415.
12. Puttagunta NR, Gibby WA, Smith GT. Human in vivo comparative study of zinc and copper transmetallation after administration of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Invest Radiol. 1996;31:739-742.
13. Normann PT, Froysa A, Svaland M. Interference of gadodiamide injection (OMNISCAN) on the colorimetric determination of serum calcium. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1995;55:421-426.
14. Lowe A, Balzer T, Hirt U. Interference of gadolinium-containing contrast-enhancing agents with colorimetric calcium laboratory testing. Invest Radiol. 2005;40:521-525.
15. Prince MR, Erel HE, Lent RW, et al. Gadodiamide administration causes spurious hypocalcemia. Radiology. 2003;227:639-646.
16. Proctor KA, Rao LV, Roberts WL. Gadolinium magnetic resonance contrast agents produce analytic interference in multiple serum assays. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;121:282-292.
17. Cavagna FM, Maggioni F, Castelli PM, et al. Gadolinium chelates with weak binding to serum proteins. A new class of high-efficiency, general purpose contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol. 1997;32:780-796.
18. Rohrer M, Bauer H, Mintorovitch J, Requardt M, Weinmann HJ. Comparison of magnetic properties of MRI contrast media solutions at different magnetic field strengths. Invest Radiol. 2005;40:715-724.
19. Weinmann H-J, Bauer H, Gries H, et al. New contrast agents for MRI. In: Rinck PA, ed. Contrast and contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging. . Mons: Belgium. 1989: 135-148.
20. Bleicher AG, Kanal E. A Serial Dilution Study of Gadolinium-Based MR Imaging Contrast Agents. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008 Jan 9 [Epub ahead of print].
21. Colosimo C, Ruscalleda J, Korves M, et al. Detection of intracranial metastases: a multicenter, intrapatient comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI with routinely used contrast agents at equal dosage. Invest Radiol. 2001;36:72-81.
22. Knopp MV, Runge VM, Essig M, et al. Primary and secondary brain tumors at MR imaging: bicentric intraindividual crossover comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine and gadopentetate dimeglumine. Radiology. 2004;230:55-64.
23. Colosimo C, Knopp MV, Barreau X, et al. A comparison of Gd-BOPTA and Gd-DOTA for contrast-enhanced MRI of intracranial tumours. Neuroradiol 2004;46:655-665.
24. Maravilla KR, Maldjian JA, Schmalfuss IM, et al. Contrast enhancement of central nervous system lesions: multicenter intraindividual crossover comparative study of two MR contrast agents. Radiology. 2006;240:389-400.
25. Rowley H, Scialfa G, Gao P-Y, et al. Multicentre crossover comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine and gadodiamide for enhanced MR imaging of CNS lesions. Presented at ESNR 2007; Genova, Italy.
26. Knopp MV, Schoenberg SO, Rehm C, et al. Assessment of gadobenate dimeglumine for magnetic resonance angiography: phase I studies. Invest Radiol. 2002;37:706-715.
27. Herborn CU, Lauenstein TC, Ruehm SG, Bosk S, Debatin JF, Goyen M. Intraindividual comparison of gadopentetate dimeglumine, gadobenate dimeglumine, and gadobutrol for pelvic 3D magnetic resonance angiography. Invest Radiol. 2003;38:27-33.
28. Knopp MV, Giesel FL, von Tengg-Kobligk H, et al. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the run-off vasculature: intraindividual comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine with gadopentetate dimeglumine. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;17:694-702.
29. Prokop M, Schneider G, Vanzulli A, et al. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the renal arteries: blinded multicenter crossover comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine and gadopentetate dimeglumine. Radiology. 2005;234:399-408.
30. Pediconi F, Fraioli F, Catalano C et al. Gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) vs gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA) for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA): improvement in intravascular signal intensity and contrast to noise ratio. Radiol Med (Torino). 2003;106:87-93.
31. Pediconi F, Catalano C, Occhiato R, et al. Breast lesion detection and characterization at contrast-enhanced MR mammography: gadobenate dimeglumine versus gadopentetate dimeglumine. Radiology. 2005;237:45-56.
32. Balci NC, Inan N, Anik Y, Erturk MS, Ural D, Demirci A. Low-dose gadobenate dimeglumine versus standard dose gadopentate dimeglumine for delayed contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Acad Radiol. 2006;13:833-839.
33. Schneider G, Maas R, Schultze Kool L, et al. Low-dose gadobenate dimeglumine versus standard dose gadopentetate dimeglumine for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver: an intraindividual crossover comparison. Invest Radiol. 2003;38:85-94.
34. Yuh WT, Fisher DJ, Engelken JD, et al. MR evaluation of CNS tumors: dose comparison study with gadopentetate dimeglumine and gadoteridol. Radiology. 1991;180:485-491.
35. Myhr G, Rinck PA, Børseth A. Gadodiamide injection and gadopentetate dimeglumine. A double-blind study in MR imaging of the CNS. Acta Radiol. 1992;33:405-409.
36. Valk J, Algra PR, Hazenberg CJ, Slooff WB, Svaland MG. A double-blind, comparative study of gadodiamide injection and gadopentetate dimeglumine in MRI of the central nervous system. Neuroradiology. 1993;35:173-177.
37. Oudkerk M, Sijens PE, Van Beek EJ, Kuijpers TJ. Safety and efficacy of dotarem (Gd-DOTA) versus magnevist (Gd-DTPA) in magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system. Invest Radiol. 1995;30:75-78.
38. Greco A, Parker JR, Ratcliffe CG, Kirchin MA, McNamara MT. Phase III, randomized, double-blind, cross-over comparison of gadoteridol and gadopentetate dimeglumine in magnetic resonance imaging of patients with intracranial lesions. Australas Radiol. 2001;45:457-463.
39. Runge VM, Kirsch JE, Burke VJ, et al. High-dose gadoteridol in MR imaging of intracranial neoplasms. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1992;2:9-18.
40. Yuh WT, Engelken JD, Muhonen MG, Mayr NA, Fisher DJ, Ehrhardt JC. Experience with high-dose gadolinium MR imaging in the evaluation of brain metastases. Am J Neuroradiol. 1992;13:335-345.
41. Haustein J, Laniado M, Niendorf HP, et al. Triple-dose versus standard-dose gadopentetate dimeglumine: a randomized study in 199 patients. Radiology. 1993;186:855-860.
42. Yuh WT, Fisher DJ, Runge VM, et al. Phase III multicenter trial of high-dose gadoteridol in MR evaluation of brain metastases. Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:1037-1051.
43. Sze G, Johnson C, Kawamura Y, et al. Comparison of single- and triple-dose contrast material in the MR screening of brain metastases. Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:821-828.
44. Van Dijk P, Sijens PE, Schmitz PI, Oudkerk M. Gd-enhanced MR imaging of brain metastases: contrast as a function of dose and lesion size. Magn Reson Imaging. 1997;15:535-541.
45. Runge VM, Parker JR, Donovan M. Double-blind, efficacy evaluation of gadobenate dimeglumine, a gadolinium chelate with enhanced relaxivity, in malignant lesions of the brain. Invest Radiol. 2002;37:269-280.
46. Schneider G, Kirchin MA, Pirovano G, et al. Gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial metastases: effect of dose on lesion detection and delineation. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;14:525-539.
47. Balériaux D, Matos C, De Greef D. Gadodiamide injection as a contrast medium for MRI of the central nervous system: a comparison with gadolinium-DOTA. Neuroradiology. 1993;35:490-494.
48. Essig M, Tartaro A, Tartaglione T, et al. Enhancing lesions of the brain: intraindividual crossover comparison of contrast enhancement after gadobenate dimeglumine versus established gadolinium comparators. Acad Radiol. 2006;13:744-751.
49. Kuhn MJ, Picozzi P, Maldjian JA, et al. Evaluation of intraaxial enhancing brain tumors on magnetic resonance imaging: intraindividual crossover comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine and gadopentetate dimeglumine for visualization and assessment, and implications for surgical intervention. J Neurosurg. 2007;106:557-566.
50. Colosimo C, Demaerel P, Tortori-Donati P, et al. Comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA) with gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) for enhanced MR imaging of brain and spine tumours in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2005;35:501-510.
51. Essig M, Lodemann KP, Le-Huu M, Bruning R, Kirchin M, Reith W. Intraindividual comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine and gadobutrol for cerebral magnetic resonance perfusion imaging at 1.5 T. Invest Radiol. 2006;41:256-263.
52. Schneider G, Ballarati C, Grazioli L, et al. Gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MR angiography: Diagnostic performance of four doses for detection and grading of carotid, renal, and aorto-iliac stenoses compared to digital subtraction angiography. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007;26:1020-1032.
53. Laurent S, Elst LV, Muller RN. Comparative study of the physicochemical properties of six clinical low molecular weight gadolinium contrast agents. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2006;1:128-137.
54. Thurnher S, Miller S, Schneider G, et al. Diagnostic performance of gadobenate dimeglumine enhanced MR angiography of the iliofemoral and calf arteries: a large-scale multicenter trial. Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:1223-1237.
55. Soulez, G, Pasowicz M, Benea G, et al. Renal artery stenosis evaluation: diagnostic performance of gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MR angiography – comparison with DSA. Radiology. 2008; in press.
56. Saslow D, Boetes C, Burke W, et al. American Cancer Society Guidelines for Breast Screening with MRI as an Adjunct to Mammography. Cancer J Clin. 2007; 57:75–89.
57. Sardanelli F. MultiHance for dynamic MR imaging of the breast. Eur Radiol. 2004;14(suppl 7):O65-O70.
58. Knopp MV, Bourne MW, Sardanelli F, et al. Gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI of the breast: analysis of dose response and comparison with gadopentetate dimeglumine. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:663-676.
59. Sardanelli F, Iozzelli A, Fausto A, Carriero A, Kirchin MA. Gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging breast vascular maps: association between invasive cancer and ipsilateral increased vascularity. Radiology. 2005;235:791-797.
60. Pediconi F, Catalano C, Roselli A, et al. Contrast-enhanced MR mammography for evaluation of the contralateral breast in patients with diagnosed unilateral breast cancer or high-risk lesions. Radiology. 2007;243:670-680.
61. Chen Y, Thompson W, Semenciw R, Mao Y. Epidemiology of contralateral breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8:855–861.
62. Schneider G, Grazioli L, Saini S, eds. Contrast agents for liver MR imaging. In: MRI of the Liver. Milan, Italy: Springer-Verlag; 2003:19-45.
63. Kirchin MA, Pirovano GP, Spinazzi A. Gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA). An overview. Invest Radiol. 1998;33:798-809.
64. Grazioli L, Morana G, Kirchin MA, et al. MRI of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) with gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA) and SPIO (ferumoxides): an intraindividual comparison. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;17:593-602.
65. Grazioli L. MultiHance in liver lesion detection: personal experience. Eur Radiol. 2004;14(Suppl 7):O25-30.
66. Grazioli L, Morana G, Kirchin MA, Schneider G. Accurate differentiation of focal nodular hyperplasia from hepatic adenoma at gadobenate dimeglumine – enhanced MR imaging: prospective study. Radiology 2005; 236:166-177.
67. Petersein J, Spinazzi A, Giovagnoni A, et al. Focal liver lesions: evaluation of the efficacy of gadobenate dimeglumine in MR imaging—a multicenter phase III clinical study. Radiology. 2000;215:727-736.
68. Pirovano G, Vanzulli A, Marti-Bonmati L, et al. Evaluation of the accuracy of gadobenate dimeglumine enhanced MR imaging in the detection and characterization of focal liver lesions. Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175:1111-1120.
69. Kim YK, Lee JM, Kim CS. Gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced liver MR imaging: value of dynamic and delayed imaging for the characterization and detection of focal liver lesions. Eur Radiol. 2004;14:5-13.
70. Grazioli L, Morana G, Federle MP, et al. Focal nodular hyperplasia: morphologic and functional information from MR imaging with gadobenate dimeglumine. Radiology. 2001;221:731-739.
71. Kim YK, Lee JM, Kim CS, Chung GH, Kim CY, Kim IH. Detection of liver metastases: gadobenate dimeglumine enhanced three-dimensional dynamic phases and one-hour delayed phase MR imaging versus superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 2005;15:220-228.
72. Swan SK, Lambrecht LJ, Townsend R, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of gadobenate dimeglumine in subjects with renal impairment. Invest Radiol. 1999;34:443-448.
73. Townsend RR, Cohen DL, Katholi R, et al. Safety of intravenous gadolinium (Gd-BOPTA) infusion in patients with renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36:1207-1212.
74. Davies BE, Kirchin MA, Bensel K, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of gadobenate dimeglumine (Multihance) in subjects with impaired liver function. Invest Radiol. 2002;37:299-308.
75. Schneider G, Ahlhelm F, Seidel R et al. Contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;14:386-402.
76. Simonetti OP, Kim RJ, Fieno DS, et al. An improved MR imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction. Radiology. 2001;218:215-223.
77. Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Parrish TB, et al. Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation. 1999;100:1992-2002.
78. Holman ER, van Rossum AC, Doesburg T, van der Wall EE, de Roos A, Visser CA. Assessment of acute myocardial infarction in man with magnetic resonance imaging and the use of a new paramagnetic contrast agent gadolinium-BOPTA. Magn Reson Imaging. 1996;14:21-29.
79. Cherryman GR, Pirovano G, Kirchin MA. Gadobenate dimeglumine in MRI of acute myocardial infarction: results of a phase III study comparing dynamic and delayed contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with EKG, 201Tl SPECT, and echocardiography. Invest Radiol. 2002;37:135-145.
80. Pirovano G, Goodman DB, Halemane U, Venetianer C, Kirchin MA, Spinazzi A. Monitoring of cardiac electrophysiology after injection of gadobenate dimeglumine: intra-individual comparison with placebo in healthy volunteers and patients with cardiovascular disease. Radiology. 2004 233:555-565.
81. Shellock FG, Parker JR, Pirovano G, et al. Safety characteristics of gadobenate dimeglumine: clinical experience from intra- and interindividual comparison studies with gadopentetate dimeglumine. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006;24:1378-1385.
82. Broome DR, Girguis MS, Baron PW, Cottrell AC, Kjellin I, Kirk GA. Gadodiamide-associated nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: why radiologists should be concerned. Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:586-592.
83. Collidge TA, Thomson PC, Mark PB, et al. Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: retrospective study of a renal replacement therapy cohort. Radiology. 2007;245:168-175.
84. Thomsen HS. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: A serious late adverse reaction to gadodiamide. Eur Radiol. 2006;16:2619-2621.
85. Marckmann P, Skov L, Rossen K, et al. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: suspected causative role of gadodiamide used for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:2359-2362.
86. Kanal E, Broome DR, Martin DR, Thomsen HS. Response to the FDA's May 23, 2007, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis update. Radiology. 2008;246:11-14.
87. Thomsen HS; European Society of Urogenital Radiology. European Society of Urogenital Radiology guidelines on contrast media application. Curr Opin Urol. 2007;17:70-76.
88. Kanal E, Barkovich AJ, Bell C, et al. ACR Blue Ribbon Panel on MR Safety. ACR guidance document for safe MR practices: 2007. Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:1447-1474.