Learning objectives
To review the anatomy of the male breast and to summarize the clinical,
pathophysiological and imaging findings of male breast disorders.
Background
Although,
male breast cancer is rare,
the presentation of a male patient with breast enlargement,
a palpable lump or tenderness is not uncommon.
The radiologists may have difficulties because the less experience in this field.
Differentiation between benign and malignant masses is critical because it alleviates patient anxiety and allows unnecessary procedures to be avoided.
Imaging findings OR Procedure details
Clinically suspicious lesions referred for imaging should first be evaluated with mammography.
In patients with questionable findings at mammography and with lesions that are difficult to access with mammography,
they should be characterized additionally by ultrasonography (US).
US can be useful in demonstrating the cystic nature of a lesion and for examination of axillary region which proves helpful for staging.
Male Breast Anatomy
Diseases in the male breast can affect the skin and subcutaneous tissues,
stroma/glandular elements,
neurovascular and lymphatic structures.
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues...
Conclusion
Although the most commonly encountered disease entity is gynecomastia,
men can develop many other benign and neoplastic diseases.
Benign masses that have been described in the male breast.
The mammographic manifestations of these masses are similar to those found in the female breast.
By incorporating clinical presentation with imaging findings on mammography and ultrasound,
the breast imager can more effectively establish the correct diagnosis in males.
References
Appelbaum A,
Evans G,
Levy K,
Amirkhan R,
Schumpert T,
Mammographic appearances of male breast disease.
Radiographics (1999) 19: 559-568.
Draghi F,
Tarantino C,
Madonia L,
Ferrozzi G.
Ultrasonography of the male breast.
Journal of Ultrasound (2011) 14: 122-129.
Iuanow E,
Kettler M,
Slanetz P.Spectrum of Disease in the Male Breast.
AJR (2011) 196:W247-W259
Stewart R,
Howlett D,
Hearn F.
Pictorial Review: The Imaging Features of Male Breast Disease.
Clinical Radiology (1997) 52: 739-744