This poster is published under an
open license. Please read the
disclaimer for further details.
Type:
Educational Exhibit
Keywords:
Ischaemia / Infarction, Aneurysms, Education, Imaging sequences, Diagnostic procedure, MR, CT, Catheter arteriography, Neuroradiology brain, Head and neck, Anatomy, Neoplasia
Authors:
L. Danieli1, C. Colosimo1, A. Rossi2, Z. Rumboldt3, J. R. Hesselink4, A. Cianfoni5; 1Rome/IT, 2Genoa/IT, 3Charleston, SC/US, 4San Diego, CA/US, 5Lugano/CH
DOI:
10.1594/ecr2015/C-2151
Background
A variety of diseases can cause OP.
They include benign,
self-limiting conditions,
but also serious diseases up to potentially lethal emergencies.
Diseases affecting ocular movement can be divided into categories including injuries or diseases of the cerebral hemispheres,
midbrain,
pons and cerebellum,
ocular motor nerve palsies,
intrinsic extra-ocular muscles (EOMs) diseases and orbital diseases secondarily affecting EOMs.
The cranial nerves (CNs) responsible for ocular movements can be affected intrinsically or extrinsically along their nuclei,
their course in the brainstem,
in the cisterns,
skull base,
cavernous sinuses and orbits; EOMs can be affected primarily or secondarily,
by adjacent pathological processes in the orbits.
As a result,
neuroimaging is mandatory to clarify the cause of OP and to guide treatment.
Many different classes of diseases can involve the same anatomical structures:
- Ischemia
- Trauma
- Neoplasms
- Infections
- Inflammatory
- Auto-immune
- Demyelination
- Metabolic-toxic
- Congenital
Clinical presentation should suggest lesion localization and prompt the most appropriate neuroimaging techniques (1,2).
In particular,
potentially useful clinical information could be: