Learning objectives
To recognize the normal MR anatomy of the basal ganglia and thalami
Todiscuss the differential diagnosisof bilateral basal ganglia abnormalities with emphasis on causes related to patients in the pediatric age group
To demostrate the MR features of the different causes
To know the role of advanced MR brain sequences in reachig the diagnosis
Background
The deep brain structures are complex.
It is important to understand the anatomy of the basal ganglia and to recognize diseases affecting these structures
MR Imaging Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia and Thalamus
The deep gray matter nuclei include the basal ganglia and thalamus [1,
2].
Basal ganglia
Basal ganglia contains three paired nuclei that together comprise the corpus striatum:
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus (together with the putamen known as the lentiform nucleus)
Two additional nuclei are functionally connected to the basal ganglia:
subthalamic...
Findings and procedure details
The basal ganglia have high energyrequirements with rich blood supply; hence,
they are vulnerable to conditions that alter cerebral metabolism especially during childhood [3-5].
Differential Diagnosisof Bilateral Basal Ganglia Abnormalities (figure 2)
Ischemic and vascular causes:
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)
HIE of the brain may be the result of circulatory or respiratory failure.
HIE occur in neonates as a result of perinatal asphyxia and hypotension [6].
In neonates the pattern of injury differ according to the gestational age at birth and the severity and duration...
Conclusion
A systematic approachbased onclinical data and knwon radiological signs with proper analysis of abnormalities involving other brain areas, baves the way toaccurate diagnosisof caseswith basalganglia signalalterations.
Personal information
Dr.Shaimaa Abdelsattar Mohammad,
MD
Associate professor of Radiodiagnosis,
Pediatric Radiology section,
Faculty of Medicine,
Ain-Shams university
[email protected]
Manar Maamoun Mohamed Ashour,
Msc
Assistant lecturer of Radiodiagnosis,
Faculty of Medicine,
Ain-Shams university
Passant Mohamed Abouelhouda,
MSc
Assistant lecturer of Radiodiagnosis,
Faculty of Medicine,
Ain-Shams university
Shaimaa Salah,MSc
Assistant lecturer of Radiodiagnosis,
Faculty of Medicine,
Ain-Shams university
Ramez Nader Mohamed Abdalla,MSc
Assistant lecturer of Radiodiagnosis,
Faculty of Medicine,
Ain-Shams university
Amy Metry,
MSc
Assistant lecturer of Radiodiagnosis,
Faculty of Medicine,
Ain-Shams university
Rania Abdelnaser Helal,
MSc
Assistant...
References
1. Kretschmann HJ,
Weinrich W (2003) Neurofunctional systems.
In: Kretschmann HJ,
Weinrich W,
eds.
Cranial neuroimaging and clinical neuroanatomy: atlas of MR imaging and computed tomography.
3rd ed.
New York,
NY: Thieme; 383–387.
2. Telford R,
Vattot S (2014): MR Anatomy of Deep Brain Nuclei with Special Reference to Specific Diseases and Deep Brain Stimulation Localization.
Neuroradiol J (27): 29–43.
3. Zuccoli G,
Yannes MP,
Nardone R et al (2015): Bilateral symmetrical basal ganglia and thalamic lesion in children: an update.
Neuroradiology (2015) 57:973–989
4....